The CER Method: Claim, Evidence, Reasoning
Master the most powerful paragraph structure for persuasive writing. Used by top-scoring NAPLAN students across Australia.
What is the CER Method?
CER is a simple but powerful framework that helps you build convincing arguments. Each body paragraph in your persuasive essay should follow this pattern.
State your argument clearly and confidently
Your claim is the main point you're making in this paragraph. It should be a clear statement that can be supported with evidence. Avoid weak language like "I think" or "maybe".
Example:
"Homework should be banned because it causes excessive stress for students."
Support your claim with facts, statistics, or examples
Evidence proves your claim is true. This could be statistics, research findings, expert opinions, real-world examples, or historical facts. The stronger your evidence, the more convincing your argument.
Example:
"According to a 2024 study by the Australian Education Research Organisation, students who spend more than one hour on homework per night are 40% more likely to report anxiety symptoms."
Explain how your evidence proves your claim
Reasoning is the "so what?" of your argument. It explains why your evidence matters and how it supports your claim. This is where you show your thinking and analysis.
Example:
"This clearly demonstrates that homework is harming students' mental health rather than helping them learn. When children are anxious, they cannot focus properly, which defeats the entire purpose of extra study."
Complete CER Paragraph Examples
CLAIMSchool uniforms should be compulsory because they reduce bullying and social pressure.
EVIDENCEA survey of 500 Australian schools by the Department of Education found that schools with uniform policies reported 35% fewer incidents of clothing-related bullying compared to schools without uniforms.
REASONINGThis evidence proves that when all students dress the same, they focus on learning rather than judging each other's clothes or family wealth. Uniforms create a more equal environment where students are valued for who they are, not what they wear.
CLAIMSingle-use plastic bags must be banned to protect Australia's marine wildlife.
EVIDENCEResearch from the CSIRO reveals that over 80 million plastic bags end up in Australian oceans each year, and sea turtles mistake them for jellyfish, causing thousands of deaths annually.
REASONINGThese devastating statistics show that our convenience is killing innocent animals. By switching to reusable bags, we can prevent this unnecessary suffering and preserve Australia's precious marine ecosystems for future generations.
Why CER Gets Higher Marks
Clear Structure
Markers can easily follow your argument. No confusion about what you're trying to say.
Strong Evidence
Using facts and statistics shows research and preparation. It makes your argument credible.
Critical Thinking
The Reasoning component demonstrates higher-order thinking — exactly what markers want to see.
CER vs TEEL vs PEEL
Different frameworks for the same goal. Here's how to choose:
| Framework | Components | Strengths |
|---|---|---|
| CER | Claim, Evidence, Reasoning | Simple 3-step structure. Strong emphasis on explaining WHY. |
| TEEL | Topic, Explain, Evidence, Link | Good for linking paragraphs together smoothly. |
| PEEL | Point, Explain, Evidence, Link | Popular in high schools. Similar to TEEL. |
Pro Tip: CER is ideal for scientific or logical arguments. TEEL/PEEL work better when you need to connect multiple paragraphs with smooth transitions. Pick one and master it!
CER Writing Tips for Higher Marks
Replace weak words with confident language in your claims:
I think → It is clear that
Maybe → Undoubtedly
Should → Must
Vague evidence is weak. Be specific:
Weak: "Many students feel stressed."
Strong: "A 2024 survey found that 67% of Year 7 students reported homework-related anxiety."
Don't just repeat your claim. Explain the impact or consequence. Use phrases like: "This proves that...", "As a result...", "This demonstrates why..."
For NAPLAN, aim for 3 body paragraphs (each using CER), plus an introduction and conclusion. This gives you a solid 5-paragraph structure that markers love.
CER by Year Level
Focus on the basics. Keep sentences clear and simple.
- Simple, clear claims
- One piece of evidence per paragraph
- Basic reasoning (1-2 sentences)
- 3-4 sentences total per CER
Add sophistication with varied evidence and deeper reasoning.
- Confident, assertive claims
- Multiple pieces of evidence
- Extended reasoning (2-3 sentences)
- Use statistics and expert opinions
Demonstrate advanced analytical skills and nuanced arguments.
- Nuanced, sophisticated claims
- Counter-arguments acknowledged
- Deep analysis in reasoning
- Advanced vocabulary and rhetoric
Try Our Free CER Planner
Our interactive CER Planner helps you structure your persuasive essays before you write. Plan your Claims, Evidence, and Reasoning visually — then export to your writing.
- Visual planning interface
- Saves automatically
- Perfect for NAPLAN preparation
Frequently Asked Questions
What does CER stand for in writing?
CER stands for Claim, Evidence, and Reasoning. It's a paragraph structure framework that helps students write clear, logical persuasive arguments.
How do you write a CER paragraph?
Start with a clear Claim stating your point. Follow with Evidence (facts, statistics, examples). End with Reasoning that explains how your evidence proves your claim.
Is CER or PEEL better for NAPLAN?
Both work well. CER is simpler (3 components) and emphasises reasoning, while PEEL (4 components) includes a linking sentence. Choose the one your school teaches and master it.
How many CER paragraphs should I write?
For NAPLAN persuasive writing, aim for 3 CER body paragraphs (one for each main argument), plus an introduction and conclusion. This creates a solid 5-paragraph essay structure.
Related Writing Guides
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